In the tapestry of Indian history, there are threads of pain and trauma that have been woven through generations. From the ravages of colonization to the scars left by partition, the collective psyche of the Indian people bears the weight of generational trauma. This invisible burden has far-reaching effects on the mental health of individuals and the society as a whole.
My name is Prerna Menon, and I am the co-founder of Boundless. A practice centered on emboldeing the voices of minority communities by empowering their mental health. I am also a queer, immigrant of color who grew up in India and has now found home in the US, particularly New York.
In this article, we will delve into the depths of Indian mental health, a topic I am deeply passionate about, and explore the long-lasting impact of generational trauma on the Indian community, in the US and globally. I will shed light on the intergenerational transmission of trauma, as well as the socio-cultural factors that contribute to its perpetuation. Through this exploration, my hope is to bring awareness, understanding, and healing to the collective wounds of the past that we all carry.
Understanding the impact of intergenerational trauma on the Indian community
Let’s start by understanding what Intergenerational Trauma is.
The APA (2023) defines Intergenerational trauma as “the transmission of trauma or its legacy, in the form of a psychological consequence of an injury or attack, poverty, and so forth, from the generation experiencing the trauma to subsequent generations. The transference of this effect is believed to be epigenetic—that is, the transmission affects the chemical marker for a gene rather than the gene itself. The trauma experienced by the older generation is translated into a genetic adaptation that can be passed on to successive generations. The trauma reactions vary by generation but often include shame, increased anxiety and guilt, a heightened sense of vulnerability and helplessness, low self-esteem, depression, suicidality, substance abuse, dissociation, hypervigilance, intrusive thoughts, difficulty with relationships and attachment to others, difficulty in regulating aggression, and extreme reactivity to stress. The exact mechanisms of the phenomenon remain unknown but are believed to involve effects on relationship skills, personal behavior, and attitudes and beliefs that affect subsequent generations. “
Intergenerational trauma is a complex and deeply rooted issue within the Indian community, much like any other minority community that has been subjected to collective experiences of violence, oppression, and societal upheaval. (Schwartz, S, 2020).
The impact of intergenerational trauma on Indian communities is far-reaching and multifaceted. It manifests in various ways, from interpersonal conflicts and strained family dynamics to societal challenges such as substance abuse, domestic violence, somatic expression, and mental health disorders. This invisible burden weighs heavily on the collective psyche of the Indian people, shaping their worldviews, coping mechanisms, and overall well-being.
Historical context: events and experiences contributing to intergenerational trauma in India
The roots of intergenerational trauma in India can be traced back to the country's tumultuous history, marked by periods of colonization, partition, and social upheaval. The impact of these events has left an indelible mark on the collective psyche of the Indian people, with the scars of the past continuing to manifest in the present (Das, V., 2007).
The colonial era, with its systematic oppression, exploitation, and cultural suppression, left a deep and lasting impact on the Indian psyche. The trauma of subjugation, the loss of autonomy, and the erosion of cultural identity were passed down through generations, shaping the worldviews and coping mechanisms of the Indian people.
During their rule, the British colonial government applied coercion, brutality, and exploitation. Events like the Jallianwala Bagh massacre (1919) created profound psychological scars that caused communal trauma handed down through generations. Systemic oppression added to emotions of powerlessness, dread, and helplessness that can show up in mental health problems, including anxiety and depression.
The partition of India and Pakistan in 1947, a pivotal moment in history, also contributed significantly to the generational trauma experienced by Indian communities. The mass displacement, violence, and loss of life during this period have had profound and long-lasting effects on the mental health of those who witnessed or were directly impacted by the events.
Colonization also upset India's ancient health and wellness systems, including Ayurveda, yoga, and other spiritual activities vital to both mental and physical health. These approaches were frequently discounted by British officials as less than Western medicine, which resulted in a drop in their utilization and a void in culturally sensitive mental health treatment. There was also a significant loss of community support systems. For mental and emotional well-being, Indian people have always depended on locally based support networks. Colonial measures undermined these networks, therefore fostering more isolation and less help for those dealing with mental health issues, including the adoption of Western-style individualism.
The effects of intergenerational trauma on mental health
Intergenerational trauma has a profound and far-reaching impact on the mental health of Indian communities. The emotional and psychological scars left by past events can manifest in a variety of ways, often passed down from one generation to the next (Kirmayer, L. J., Gone, J. P., & Moses, J, 2014).
One of the primary effects of generational trauma is the prevalence of mental health disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These conditions can be exacerbated by the ongoing stress and challenges faced by individuals and families who are grappling with the legacy of past traumas. The intergenerational transmission of trauma can also lead to the normalization of unhealthy coping mechanisms, such as substance abuse, domestic violence, and self-harm, further perpetuating the cycle of mental health issues.
Moreover, generational trauma can have a profound impact on interpersonal relationships and family dynamics. The inability to fully process and heal from past traumas can lead to communication breakdowns, trust issues, and the perpetuation of unhealthy patterns within Indian families. This, in turn, can contribute to the development of mental health challenges as individuals struggle to navigate the complexities of their familial relationships.
Cultural factors influencing mental health and healing in Indian communities
The Indian cultural landscape plays a significant role in shaping the way mental health and healing are perceived and addressed within the community. Understanding these cultural factors is crucial in addressing the impact of generational trauma on Indian mental health.
One of the key cultural factors is the stigma surrounding mental health issues. In many Indian communities, mental health problems are often viewed as a sign of weakness or a reflection of personal or familial failings. This stigma can prevent individuals from seeking help, leading to the perpetuation of mental health challenges and the further entrenchment of generational trauma (Kumar, R. & Bhugra, D., 2021).
Additionally, the emphasis on collectivism and familial obligations within Indian culture can create barriers to seeking individual mental health support. The pressure to maintain the family's reputation and uphold societal expectations can discourage open discussions about mental health, further isolating those who are struggling. This cultural dynamic can also hinder the process of individual healing, as the focus is often on preserving the collective rather than addressing the individual's needs.
Recognizing and addressing intergenerational trauma in Indian families
Addressing generational trauma within Indian families requires a multi-faceted approach that acknowledges the unique cultural and familial dynamics at play. It is a delicate process that involves creating a safe space for open dialogue, fostering intergenerational understanding, and empowering individuals to break the cycle of trauma.
One crucial step is to facilitate open and honest conversations about the family's history and the experiences that have been passed down through the generations. This process of storytelling and sharing can help family members gain a deeper understanding of the roots of their trauma, as well as the coping mechanisms that have been developed over time. By creating a space for these dialogues, families can begin to recognize the patterns of behavior and the underlying emotional wounds that have been perpetuated.
Additionally, encouraging family members to seek individual and collective therapeutic support can be instrumental in the healing process. Professional counseling and therapy can provide a safe and non-judgmental environment for individuals to explore their personal experiences, process their emotions, and develop healthier coping strategies. By addressing the trauma at both the individual and familial levels, Indian families can work towards breaking the cycle of generational trauma and fostering more resilient and mentally healthy relationships.
Healing practices and therapies for Indian mental health
As the understanding of generational trauma and its impact on Indian mental health continues to grow, a range of healing practices and therapies have emerged to address the unique needs of the Indian community. These approaches draw upon both traditional and contemporary methods, blending cultural wisdom with evidence-based practices.
One such approach is the integration of traditional Indian healing modalities, such as Ayurveda, yoga, and meditation, into mainstream mental health treatments. These practices, rooted in the rich cultural heritage of India, offer holistic and accessible ways for individuals to reconnect with their inner selves, manage stress, and cultivate emotional well-being. By incorporating these traditional methods into therapeutic interventions, mental health professionals can help Indian clients navigate their healing journey in a culturally relevant and empowering manner (Sengupta, S., & Bandyopadhyay, P, 2019).
Another effective approach is the use of trauma-informed therapies, such as eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and somatic therapy which address the physical and emotional manifestations of generational trauma. These therapies help individuals to process and integrate their traumatic experiences, enabling them to release the emotional and physiological burdens they have carried for generations.
Resources and organizations for Indian mental health support
As awareness and understanding of Indian mental health and generational trauma continue to grow, a range of resources and organizations have emerged to provide support and guidance to those in need.
1. The MINDS Foundation
• Website: mindsfoundation.org
• About: The MINDS Foundation focuses on providing mental health education, treatment, and care in rural India, where mental health resources are scarce. Their work emphasizes community-based care and reducing the stigma around mental health issues by integrating traditional and modern approaches to treatment.
• Services: MINDS offers mental health education programs, clinical care for individuals with mental illnesses, and support groups. They also work closely with schools and community leaders to promote mental health awareness and encourage early intervention.
2. Manas Foundation
• Website: manas.org.in
• About: Manas Foundation is dedicated to addressing mental health issues in India with a particular focus on urban populations. They provide therapy, psychological interventions, and training to promote mental health care and awareness. They also focus on gender-sensitive mental health approaches, advocating for women and marginalized communities.
• Services: Manas Foundation offers individual counseling, group therapy, psycho-social education, and training for mental health professionals. Their gender-sensitization programs in workplaces and schools also help address mental health issues within broader societal frameworks.
3. South Asian Mental Health Initiative & Network (SAMHIN)
• Website: samhin.org
• About: SAMHIN is a nonprofit organization dedicated to addressing the mental health needs of the South Asian community in the United States. Their mission is to combat stigma, improve awareness, and provide access to culturally competent mental health care.
• Services: SAMHIN offers a directory of South Asian mental health professionals, community outreach programs, educational workshops, and online resources to support mental well-being. They also provide confidential support groups and webinars to address specific mental health concerns within the South Asian diaspora.
4. South Asian Therapists
• Website: https://southasiantherapists.org/
• About: A south asian directory consisting of South Asian mental health professionals.
• Services: The South Asian Therapists Org provides a therapist directory with South Asian mental health professionals, culturally relevant mental health articles and videos, and an online support system. They focus on helping Indian Americans navigate their mental health needs with tailored resources for identity, family dynamics, and intergenerational trauma.
Moving towards healing and resilience in Indian communities
The journey towards healing and resilience in Indian communities is a complex and ongoing process, but one that holds immense promise and potential. By acknowledging the impact of generational trauma, embracing culturally relevant healing practices, and fostering community support, Indian individuals and families can begin to break the cycle of pain and reclaim their inherent strength.
As we move forward, it is crucial to continue the dialogue, challenge the stigma, and empower Indian communities to seek the support and resources they need.
By doing so, we can create a future where mental health is celebrated, trauma is healed, and the resilience of the Indian people shines brighter than ever before.
Together, let us embark on this transformative journey, guided by the wisdom of the past and the hope for a healthier, more vibrant tomorrow. Through collective action and a shared commitment to healing, we can pave the way for a future where the wounds of generational trauma are mended and the Indian spirit soars with renewed vigor and purpose.
References
Das, V. (2007). Life and Words: Violence and the Descent into the Ordinary. University of California Press.
Kirmayer, L. J., Gone, J. P., & Moses, J. (2014). Rethinking Historical Trauma. Transcultural Psychiatry, 51(3), 299-319.
Kumar, R. & Bhugra, D. (2021). Mental Health in South Asia: Ethnocultural and Societal Influences. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 61, 102655.
Schwartz, S. (2020). The Impact of Intergenerational Trauma on Mental Health in Postcolonial Societies. Journal of Transcultural Psychiatry, 57(4), 519-537.
Sengupta, S., & Bandyopadhyay, P. (2019). Healing the Past: Intergenerational Trauma and Therapeutic Interventions in India. Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46(2), 143-155.
Authors
Prerna Menon
LCSW | CCTP
Specialties: survivors of childhood sexual abuse & incest survivors, existential crisis, race-based stress, gender identity & sexuality-related conflicts, cross-cultural issues, addiction, international students, family issues & acculturation
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